Aging and Women’s Sexuality

Aging and Women’s Sexuality Liqi Liu The World Health Organization regards sexual health as a state of physical, mental, emotional and social well-being related to sexuality (Woloski-Wruble et al., 2010). It is not limited to the absence of disease, infirmity dysfunction or the mere presence of sexual intercourse activity. These factors are a reflection of a successful aging model that incorporates physical well being reflected by a low susceptibility to disease. It also includes social and emotional well-being associated with active engagement with life and mental well being exhibited by a high capacity for physical and cognitive function. Sexuality is an essential component of health at all developmental ages and an important aspect of life satisfaction (Kalra, Subramanyam, Pinto, 2011). The factors that influence the sexuality of women in their middle and old age are socio-cultural, feminine, medical, political, economic factors (Birkhauser, 2009) and international factors. Other influencing factors include social representations of sexuality, physiological conditions, and relationship factors (Ringa, Diter, Laborde, Bajos, 2013). Cultural practices play a critical role in determining sexuality (Shea, 2011). In China, some clinical educators view sexual activities in middle and old age a taboo. Other health professionals view womens feudal attitudes as the main obstacle to sexual liberation. The change in womens social status due to higher education, participation in the labor force and increased use of contraception has intensified sexual activity. These activities within the social environment largely affect the womens responses to their aging process. Other contributing factors include improvement of living standards and life expectancy (Ringa, Diter, Laborde, Bajos, 2013). Health is another key factor affecting sexuality in middle and aged women (Birkhauser, 2009). Cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women affects their physical, social and general well being. This leads to deterioration of quality of life and adds on the negative effects of menopause (Birkhauser, 2009). Access to health is determined by the financial ability of the women and enabling political framework. Contrary to popular belief, the menopausal status is not a risk factor in sexual dysfunction. In some instances, it led to low sexual desire. Several studies have shown that women past the age of 50 are still sexually active (Ringa, Diter, Laborde, Bajos, 2013). This essay aims to evaluate the various factors that affect sexuality in older women. Background The worlds aging population is increasing, as the current life expectancy is increasing. The life expectancy of women in Israel estimated at 82 years (Woloski-Wruble et al., 2010). About a third of womens life is lived after cessation of menstruation. China constitutes the world’s largest middle-aged and elderly population. Approximately one-fifth of the worlds elderly population and a quarter of the middle-aged population live in China. In 2010, 381.6 million people were between the ages of 40 and 59 while an estimate of 170.9 people was above 60 years of age (Shea, 2011). Demographic studies project a rapid increase in these proportions over the next several decades. By 2050, it is expected that 35.4% of the population in China will be above 60 years of age (Shea, 2011). As such, understanding the needs, desires and capabilities of this group is of paramount importance. As of now, very few studies have focused on sexuality in the elderly and the existing literature contains contradictory information. For instance, some studies indicate that hormonal determinants have no effect on the sexual drive while others show a correlation between hormonal changes and sexual activity. Hence, further studies would greatly help in ascertaining assertions that sexual life is an important determinant of satisfaction in life (Shea, 2011). Cultural Factors Certain cultural norms are the cause of negative attitudes towards sexuality in older people. In some Western cultures, men are considered ready for sexual activity at a younger age than women (Woloski-Wruble et al., 2010). They also claim that women become asexual with age. However, women have in the recent time challenged this view and regarded sex as extremely important (Woloski-Wruble et al., 2010). Research has focused on the sexual dysfunction that is likely to occur after menopausal transition rather than the normal spectrum of normal activities due to the changes arising from hormonal changes. However, it is worth to note that menopause does not necessarily result in sexopause. The belief that sexual activity decreased with age was held since sexuality was limited to intercourse. In recent years, sexuality has been broadened to mean any sexual arousing activity (Woloski-Wruble et al., 2010). Using this broader definition, studies have shown that women remain sexually active even in old age. An intimate relationship is one factor influencing sexuality in older women. Being able to address their expectations would enhance life satisfaction. The Chinese culture is marked by three traditions; Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism (Shea, 2011). The Confucian tradition advocated for sex for a married couple and only for the purpose of reproduction. Otherwise, it regarded other sexual activities as unrespectful and undignified. Buddhist taught that in order to enjoy perfect peace, one had to give up worldly pleasures and desires. As such, sexual activity beyond the purpose of reproduction was viewed as distracting one from their improvement. Daoist on the other hand regard sex as harmful and self-defeating as it makes men lose their semen (Shea, 2011). A study conducted in China showed that a third of the studied population was of the opinion that sex later in life was unhealthy or abnormal. It also showed a correlation between the womens attitude and the sexual activity. The women who viewed sex as normal were more likely to engage in sexual activities. Further, the women with positive attitudes led healthy relationships with their spouses. The study also suggested that the household composition such as the number of family members and number of generations contributed to the sexual activity later in life (Shea, 2011). Social Factors Women from different regions view menopause differently(Birkhauser, 2009). In the Muslim culture, menstruation is regarded as impurity. Hence, menopausal women gain a higher social status. It is therefore regarded as a happy event that calls for a celebration. In some cases, this is not the case, and hormonal therapy is considered in order to improve patient outcomes. Hormonal therapy provides symptomatic relief and restores sexual activity (Birkhauser, 2009). Hormonal therapy should also be recommended for women with cardiovascular events unless there are associated risks. Some cultures do not allow bleeding and hence alternative medicine is sought to relieve the symptoms while allowing only the desired amenorrhea.The effect of the natural products has not been sufficiently studied (Birkhauser, 2009). Medical Factors The state of health influences the level of sexual activity (Birkhauser, 2009). Women who are of an advanced in age and are in poor state of health are less likely to engage in sexual activities. During the management of somatic diseases, clinicians often neglect the implications for sexual life and hence go undiagnosed (Maciel Lagana, 2014). These problems may cause the patient to be socially withdrawn and result in depression. Cardiovascular diseases are one major cause of reduced activity. Women who suffered from myocardial infarction do not lead a sexually active life (Kalra, Subramanyam, Pinto, 2011). Besides cardiac problems, elderly women may suffer from physical disabilities that affect the motor function (DeLamater Moorman, 2007). This group of patients experience pain and discomfort in sexual activities and are likely to withdraw. In addition, patients may suffer low libido and unwillingness to engage in foreplay (Woloski-Wruble et al., 2010). Feminine Factors Hormonal changes that occur during the onset of menopause result in vagina dryness and, as a result, affect sexual satisfaction (Lindau, Schumm, Laumann, 2008). However, several studies in this area found no correlation between menopausal state and sexual activity (Ringa, Diter, Laborde, Bajos, 2013). Perimenopausal women have increased levels of masturbation suggesting that hormonal changes do not hinder penetrative intercourse. However, some studies have reported that menopausal changes have a negative effect on the sexual life. These inconsistencies could be due to different characteristics of samples used in the different studies(Ringa, Diter, Laborde, Bajos, 2013). Political Factors Older women have few sources of funds to pay for insurance premiums and taxes(WHO, 2007). Inadequate finances may result in delays to seek medical attention following illness. The developing disease compromises the state of health and affects sexual activities. Hence women living regions in which the health policies promote accessibility to health services regardless of the ability to pay enjoy relative health and hence healthy sexual health. It is the duty of each country to develop the best mix of policies in healthcare, income and social services in order to safeguard the well-being and health of older women (WHO, 2007). Economic Factors Poverty is a key player in compromising the health of aging women. Worldwide, women have lower participation in the labor force and are often underpaid as compared to men of equal qualifications. Older women receive employment in low-paying and part-time jobs. Insufficient funds limit the ability of old women to access the most basic needs such as healthcare, shelter and food. It is estimated that 70% of the women in the world live below the poverty line of less than US $ 1 a day (WHO, 2007). A large number of these are found in the developing countries. These income inequities compromise the well-being of the elderly women and, as a result, their sexual health is affected. Conclusion A satisfactory sexual life is an essential component of good quality of life. However, Sexual activity changes with age and may affect the quality of life. The factors that influence these changes include state of health, socio-cultural values political and economic factors. Different regions practice different traditions that may affect how women in their menopausal age view sexual activities. Some practices limit sexual activity for reproduction purposes while in some cultures sexuality is liberal. One of the major health factors is cardiovascular events. Myocardial infarction leads to depression and anxiety. These factors affect sexual satisfaction and hence decrease sexual activity. While managing these conditions, it is essential that the healthcare providers engage the patients on sexual health. The level of economic empowerment determines the accessibility of social services such as health. Since older women have fewer financial resources, the right policy mix should be adopted to enhance accessibility to health services and other amenities. Recommendations It is of utmost importance to give sexuality issues in the older population priority same as the other vital needs. Therefore, health professionals should formulate interventions aimed at improving sexual health in menopausal women (Taylor Gosney, 2011). A participatory approach would lead to meaningful interventions, as it would allow the professionals to understand the perception of the different women to sexual satisfaction. It would also ensure that the designed interventions help the women in arriving at successful aging (Shea, 2011). An analysis shows that the present literature is based on speculation rather than facts. Healthcare professionals should carry out participatory research involving women of different ethnic groups, age, and languages. Development of evidence-based knowledge would aid in understanding the different aspects that constitute sexual satisfaction among older women. It would also help in designing of group-specific interventions aimed at improving the quality of life (Woloski-Wruble et al., 2010). Reference Birkhauser, M. (2009). Quality of Life and Sexuality Issues in Aging Women. Climacteric, 52-57. DeLamater, J., Moorman, S. (2007). Sexual Behaviour in Later Life. Journal of Aging and Health, doi.10.1177. Kalra, G., Subramanyam, A., Pinto, C. (2011). Sexuality: Desire, Activity and Intimacy in the Elderly. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 300-306. Lindau, S., Schumm, P., Laumann, E. (2008). A Study of Sexuality and Health among Older Adults in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine , 762-774. Maciel, M., Lagana, L. (2014). Older Womens Sexual Desire Problems: Biophysichosocial Factors Impacting them and Barriers to Their Clinical Assessment. Journal of Biomedical Research , doi. org/ 10.1155. Ringa, V., Diter, K., Laborde, C., Bajos, N. (2013). Womens Sexuality: From Aging to Social Representations. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2399-2408. Shea, J. (2011). Older Women, Marital Relationships, and Sexuality in China. Ageing International, 361-377. Taylor, A., Gosney, M. (2011). Sexuality in Older Age: Essential Considerations for Healthcare Professionals. Journal of Age and Ageing, 1-6. WHO. (2007). Women, Ageing, and Health: A Framework for Action. Geneva.

“A person doesn’t gain knowledge by possessing an insatiable thirst for it, But by searching for the means to quench it” Essay

Statement of purpose My journey to attain the ultimate goal of my life also goes something like what Frost says. It is a continuous struggle to reach the shores of success and achievement. It is to attain fulfillment in the field I love the most, â€Å"Medicine-Social work†. Before I elaborate on that, let me introduce myself as a student of Undergraduate Program in Dentistry from N.T.R. University of Health Sciences, one of the premier institutes in India. Passions to achieve expertise in Public Health and to be a part of the social work are the objectives to my Graduate Study. It would help hone my skills, earn proficiency and seek professional exposure. Though comprehensive in curriculum, the undergraduate course offers limited scope for specialization. A graduate course would pave way to earning hands-on experience and acquire specialization. MY SCHOOLING: I was exposed to the field of medicine & social work at a very early age in school and became fascinated. I obtained a solid grounding in Biological sciences during my early school years and during preparation for Medical entrance examinations in India. My schooling and further study have really shaped my thought process and attitude towards education. I did my schooling in The K P R &J L Siddartha High School, an institute known for high quality of education. From my childhood I had a strong proclivity towards Biological sciences. With this shot in the arm, I went on to do my pre-university education at Sri Vivekananda Junior College. Here I was exposed to eminent faculty, who helped bring me to the academic level I am. I have appeared for the EAMCET, a standardized test conducted for admission into the undergraduate courses, where I came out with flying colors by standing among the top 5% of the 90,000 students who had appeared for the test. MY INTEREST IN THE SUBJECT My interest in this subject dates back to my college days. During college days. I was wondered how the country provide all facilities to its population with resources being inversely proportional. This gave me a thought that every citizen of a country should be involved in some sort of social work by atleast providing the minimal facilities for a particular community in which he is living-in. Further, research in this field would definitely create wonders & would definitely contribute for the country’s Economic status. It has been rightly said that with proper nourishing, one transforms a fascination into an excellent productive faculty. I firmly believe that a part of this transformation has already been affected in me. The years as a student of Undergraduate programs in the field of Medicine at Dr B.R.K.R. Government Ayurvedic Medical College, Hyderabad which is affiliated to N.T.R. University of Health Sciences, one of the premier Universities of India has proven to be the most enriching period of my life. During the course of my Undergraduate studies, I have familiarized myself with the subject Social & Preventive Medicine, and I am very interested in gaining a deeper insight into this subject which form the very backbone of Public Health. Higher Education in United States of America would not only stand as a manifestation for my burning desire of academic achievement with professional competence, but also provide with the unique chance to test my ability to cope with the transition to a new setting, acquire new skills and improve my communicative competence. Higher Education in United States of  America will also enable me to experience a real and individual benefit of an International prospective in my course of studies. PURPOSE OF GRADUATE STUDY: During the undergraduate study, I decided to further my acquired interest in Public Health major. My propensity for research and insatiable thirst for knowledge and my ambition to contribute substantially to the field of Public Health have installed in me a longing to take up graduation. An undergraduate course, though comprehensive in its curriculum, provides limited scope for specialization. Much of the integration of advanced technologies in any demanding field takes place in a graduate program. Only then can one fathom the depths of this demanding field. Then came the decision of selection of universities, I chose American universities which are known for their world-class research facilities. I feel that graduate study at an American university is the best type of further education at this juncture because of the flexibility incorporated in its learning system, its infrastructure, the intense interaction with the industry and exposure to the latest technology. WHY PIP I CHOOSE YOUR UNIVERSITY I wish to earn a Masters degree in Public Health. I have spoken to my professors, seniors and friends about my choice of University, and have applied to —————————————— University because it is reputable for its research facilities. The department website revealed a very strong faculty involved in extensive research in the area of Public Health. This strengthened my resort to study at ———Adelphi———————University . It was during my House-surgeon ship, I realized that study, apart from dedication and the hard work requires an inspiring environment, competitive atmosphere and motivated faculty. In order to reach the educational plateaus I desire I need a good university like this. Having gone through the web pages and brochures, I am sure that this university will offer me the intellectual stimulating environment needed to help me excel in my chosen area of study. I hope that my struggle, perseverance and triumph through my undergraduate studies qualify me as an excellent candidate for graduate study. Based on the information amassed by me, I am confident that this university will be ideal for me to attain my full academic potential. FURTHER PROSPECTS In the recent years, the problem every country facing is the increase in its Population growth. To cope up with this increase, the resources should also be increased. But the increase in the population growth and the increase in the country’s resources are inversely proportional. By this, people of a country are not utilizing the resources properly provided for them. In order to eliminate this problem, a Public Health practitioner should asses the needs of a community in providing proper facilities in the fields such as Medicine, Literacy etc and thereby making its population to think over it. This is the field with a full scope for Research.. So I believe that my master’s degree in a reputed institution will enhance my job prospect in this field. I am fully aware that your institution requires that I summon all my resources and I aver that I have the necessary commitment, intelligence and stamina to look forward to it. I am convinced that my study at your institution w ould be a meaningful and rewarding experience. I look forward to have a rewarding association with your esteemed institution. I would like to take with me, in addition to knowledge in the relevant field, a network of strong and lasting relationships with my teachers and fellow students. 1 hope that my background and qualifications are found suitable for an MS degree in Public Health at ——————————————University. (RAVI KUMAR SIVVA)

Factors Responsible For The Global Financial Crisis

Introduction In this essay, we are trying to look at the factors responsible for the global financial crisis in 2008-09 which started in US and later spread across the world. By now, a lot of studies have been done on the global financial crisis of 2008. We explain briefly the role of the financial engineering which leads to combination of various financial securities, the actual risk of which is not clearly assessed and hence leading to the financial crisis. There were also some serious lapses in regulation and failure of the rating agencies in assessing the risks assumed by the financial products which accentuated the crisis. In the USA and other developed countries, financial engineering created financial derivatives and financial†¦show more content†¦Economic derivatives could be so unsafe that they could even a great cause of financial disasters. This is because many investors turn to financial derivatives market to direct them into future funding, rather than of observing at the genuine market. This can lead to market distortions and hence can be extended to other parties of the market connected in the market and thus financial position of a country can be obstructed badly. Derivative instruments were created after 1970s as a way to manage risk and create insurance downside. They were created in response to the frequent oil market shocks, inflation and drops in the stock markets. Hence the initial intend was to defend against the risk and protect against the downside. However, the derivatives became speculative tools often used to take more risk in order to maximize profits and returns. Deriv atives do ensure against the risk when used properly, but when the packaged instruments became too complicated that neither the borrowers nor the rating agencies understood them or their risk and hence the initial premise just failed. 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Importance of Sleep Essay - 897 Words

During the late 1800s and early 1900s, nine hours of sleep was the norm, but no more. Technology and long work hours often prevent sleeping nine to ten hours each night; however, eight hours would vastly improve psychological and physical health and well-being. Chronic sleep deprivation is less than five hours nightly. Getting the proper rest is important to stay alert during the day; Studies prove that eight or more hours of restful slumber every night enhances mood, brain function, and increases joy. In addition, the time that one gets to bed is just as important as the several hours that one actually sleep hours. Some experts even believe that the best time to asleep is between 10:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m.. This is when repair, renewal,†¦show more content†¦four nights a week might prove beneficial. Of course, the bedroom should be make amiable for sleep and work papers and such ought to be left at the office or ,at least, removed from the bedroom. 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